VOA Videos

• The Shay Moral Injury Center, Dr. Jonathan Shay (01.04.19)
• Moral Injury: A Working Definition, Dr. Rita Brock (05.12.20)
• Understanding Moral Injury: What Can We Do? (06.26.19)
• Moral Injury Beyond the Military Context, Dr. William Nash (07.26.19)
• Moral Injury: The War Inside (08.06.19)

Webinars

• Moral Resilience for Criminal Justice Workers During COVID-19
• Moral Resilience for Spiritual Leaders During COVID-19
• Moral Resilience in Pastoral Care Workers During COVID-19
• Moral Resilience for Social Service Workers During COVID-19
• Moral Resilience for Medical Workers During COVID-19 (accompanying information handout)
• Moral Resilience for Nurses During COVID-19

Links to Other Programs

• Center for Post Traumatic Growth
• International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies
• Moral Injury and Healing in Child Welfare online training course by the University of Minnesota 
• Gamble-Skogmo Chair Program in Child Welfare and Youth Policy
• Moral Injury by VA National Center for PTSD
• Moral Injury of Healthcare
• The Moral Injury Project at Syracuse University
• Moral Injury Support Network for Servicewomen, Inc.
• Road Home Program at The National Center of Excellence for Veterans and Their Families at Rush
• Soul Repair Center at Brite Divinity School

Books

• Brock, Rita Nakashima and Lettini, Gabriella (2012). Soul Repair: Recovering from Moral Injury After War. Boston: Beacon Press.
• Boulanger, Ghislaine (2007). Wounded by Reality: Understanding and Treating Adult-Onset Trauma. Mahwah, NJ: Analytic Press.
• Courtois, Christine and Ford, Julian D. (2013). Treatment of Complex Trauma: A Sequenced, Relationship-Based Approach. New York: Guilford.
• Doerries, Bryan (2015). All That You’ve Seen Here is God: New Versions of Four Greek Tragedies – Sophocles’ Ajax, Philoctetes, Women of Trachis; Aeschylus’ Prometheus Bound. New York: Random House.
• Doerries, Bryan (2015). The Theater of War: What Ancient Greek Tragedies Can Teach Us Today. New York: Knopf.
• Epstein, Mark (2013). The Trauma of Everyday Life. New York: Penguin.
• Frankl, Viktor E. (1959/2006). Man’s Search for Meaning. Boston: Beacon Press.
• Herman, Judith (1997). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. New York: Basic Books.
• Janoff-Bulman, Ronnie (1992). Shattered Assumptions: Towards a New Psychology of Trauma. New York: Free Press.
• Kelle, Brad (2020). The Bible and Moral Injury: Reading Scripture Alongside War’s Unseen Wounds. Nashville: Abingdon Press.
• Koch, Tom (2017). Ethics in Everyday Places: Mapping Moral Stress, Distress, and Injury. Redlands: MIT Press.
• Litz, Brett T.; Lebowitz, Leslie; Gray, Matt J.; and Nash, William P. (2015). Adaptive Disclosure: A New Treatment for Military Trauma, Loss, and Moral Injury. New York: Guilford.
• Lynd, Alice and Lynd, Staughton (2017). Moral Injury and Nonviolent Resistance: Breaking the Cycle of Violence in the Military and Behind Bars. Oakland: PM Press.
• Meagher, Robert E.; Pryer, Douglas A.; Nash, William P.; and Acampora, Christa Davis (Eds.) (2018). War and Moral Injury: A Reader. Eugene: Cascade Books.
• Miller, Ronald B. (2004). Facing Human Suffering: Psychology and Psychotherapy as Moral Engagement. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Moon, Zachary (2019). Warriors Between Worlds: Moral Injury and Identities in Crisis. Lanham: Lexington Books.
• Papadopoulos, Renos K. (2020). Moral Injury and Beyond: Understanding Human Anguish and Healing Traumatic Wounds. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Schauer, M.; Neuner, F.; and Elbert, T. (2011). Narrative Exposure Therapy: A Short-Term Treatment for Traumatic Stress Disorders. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe.
• Shay, Jonathan (1995). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and The Undoing of Character. New York: Simon and Schuster.
• Shay, Jonathan (2002). Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and The Trials of Homecoming. New York: Scribner.
• Sherman, Nancy (2015). Afterwar: Healing the Moral Wounds of Our Soldiers. New York: Oxford University Press
• Stolorow, Robert (2007). Trauma and Human Existence: Autobiographical, Psychoanalytic, and Philosophical Reflections. New York: Routledge.
• Wiinikka-Lydon, Joseph (2020). Moral Injury and the Promise of Virtue. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Wyatt, Evans R.; Walser, Robyn D.; Drescher, Kent D; and Farnsworth, Jacob K. (2020). The Moral Injury Workbook: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Skills for Moving Beyond Shame, Anger, and Trauma to Reclaim Your Values. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications.
• Van Der Kolk, Bessel (2014). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. NY: Viking.
• Volunteers of America (2018). The Momentum of Hope: Personal Stories of Moral Injury.

Journal Articles

• Atuel, Hazel R.; Chestnut, Ryan; Richardson, Cameron; Perkins, Daniel F.; and Castro, Carl A. (2020). Exploring Moral Injury: Theory, Measurement, and Applications. Military Behavioral Health, 8(3), 248-255. DOI: 10.1080/21635781.2020.1753604.
• Jones, Edgar (2020). Moral Injury in a Context of Trauma. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216, 127-128. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2020.46.
• Cullen, John G. (2020). Moral Recovery and Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, Oct 2020,1-13. DOI:10.1007/s10551-020-04658-3.
• Griffin Brandon J.; Purcell, Natalie; Burkman, Kristine; Litz, Brett .; Bryan, Craig J.; Schmitz, Martha; Villierme, Claudia; Walsh, Jessica; Maguen, Shira (2019). Moral Injury: An Integrative Review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 350-362. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22362.
• Molendijk, Tine (2018). Toward an interdisciplinary conceptualization of moral injury: From unequivocal guilt and anger to moral conflict and disorientation. New Ideas in Psychology, 51, 1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.04.006.
• Caplan, Paula J. (2018). Moral Anguish is not a Mental Illness. Volunteers of America.
• Farnsworth, Jacob K.; Drescher, Kent D. ; Evans, Wyatt; and Walser, Robyn D. (2017). A Functional Approach to Understanding and Treating Military-Related Moral Injury. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.07.003.
• Nieuwsma, Jason A.; Walser, Robyn D.; Farnsworth, Jacob K.; Drescher, Kent D.; Meador, Keith G.; and Nash, William P. (2015). Possibilities within Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Approaching Moral Injury. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 11, 193-206.
• Harris, Jeanette; Park, Crystal; Currier, Joseph; Usset, Timothy; and Voecks, Cory (2015). Moral Injury and Psycho-Spiritual Development: Considering the Developmental Context. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(4), 256-266. DOI: 10.1037/scp0000045.
• Shay, Jonathan (2014). Moral Injury. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31(2), 182-191. DOI: 10.1037/a0036090.
• Drescher, Kent D.; Nieuwsma, Jason A.; and Swales, Pamela J. (2013). Morality and Moral Injury: Insights from Theology and Health Science. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 33(Spirituality in Formation and Supervision).
• Kinghorn, Warren (2012). Combat Trauma and Moral Fragmentation: A Theological Account of Moral Injury. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 32(2), 57-74. DOI: 10.1353/sce.2012.0041.
• Robjant, Katy and Fazel, Mina (2010). The Emerging Evidence for Narrative Exposure Therapy: A Review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 1030-1039.
• Boulanger, Ghislaine (2008). Witness to Reality: Working Psychodynamically With Survivors of Terror. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 18, 638-657.DOI: 10.1080/10481880802297673.
• Price, June T.; Steuwig, Jeff; and Mashek, Debra (2007). Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 345-272.DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145.

Multimedia Links

• The Moral Injury of War installation – Elyse Blennerhassett, National Museum of Art of Romania, Bucharest (Oct. 2019)
• Art can heal PTSD’s invisible wounds – Melissa Walker, TED Talk (Nov. 2016)

Links to Other Programs

• Almost Sunrise – documentary and campaign
• Creative Forces: NEA Military Healing Arts Network
• Warrior Writers – veteran arts organization

Books

• Boudreau, Tyler E. (2008). Packing Inferno: The Unmaking of a Marine. Port Townsend: Feral House.
• Marlantes, Karl (2011). Matterhorn: A Novel of the Vietnam War. Grove Press.
• O’Brien, Tim (1998). The Things They Carried. New York: Broadway Books.
• Powers, Kevin (2013). The Yellow Birds: A Novel. New York: Back Bay Books.

Journal Articles

• Jones, Jacqueline P.; Drass, Jessica M.; and Kaimal, Girija (2019). Art therapy for military service members with post-traumatic stress and traumatic brain injury: Three case reports highlighting trajectories of treatment and recovery. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 63, 18-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2019.04.004.
• Jones, Jacqueline P.; Walker, Melissa S.; Drass, Jessica Masino; and Kaimal, Girija (2017). Art therapy interventions for active duty military service members with post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. International Journal of Art Therapy, 23(2), 70-85. DOI: 10.1080/17454832.2017.1388263.

Films

• Manchester by the Sea (2016) – Noncombat moral injury
• Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017) – Noncombat moral injury
• Brothers (2009) – Combat trauma and moral injury in OED/OIF/OND veterans
• Gran Torino (2008) – Combat trauma and moral injury in Korean War veterans
• In the Valley of Elah (2008) – Combat trauma and moral injury in OED/OIF/OND veterans
• Missing in America (2005) – Combat trauma and moral injury in Vietnam veterans
• The War at Home (1996) – Combat trauma and moral injury in Vietnam veterans
• Schindler’s List (1993) – Noncombat moral injury
• The Fisher King (1991) – Noncombat PTSD
• The Prince of Tides (1991) – Adult effects of childhood trauma, moral injury (suicidality)
• Born on the Fourth of July (1989) – Combat trauma and moral injury in Vietnam veterans
• Jackknife (1989) – Combat trauma and moral injury in Vietnam veterans
• The Accused (1988) – Noncombat PTSD and moral injury from sexual assault
• Coming Home (1978) – Combat trauma and moral injury in Vietnam veterans
• The Deerhunter (1978) – Combat trauma and moral injury in Vietnam veterans
• The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) – Combat trauma and moral injury in WW II veterans

Webinars

• Moral Resilience in Pastoral Care Workers During COVID-19
• Moral Resilience for Spiritual Leaders During COVID-19

Videos

• Christology and Moral Injury, Dr. Rita Brock, Emory University (03.19.20)

Links

• VA Clergy Toolkit: Moral injury – VA National Center for PTSD
• Trauma and Moral Injury: A Guiding Framework for Chaplains – Chaplaincy Innovation Lab
• Soul Repair Center at Brite Divinity School
• The National Association of Veterans Affairs Chaplains (NAVAC)

Books

• Graham, Larry Kent (2017). Moral Injury: Restoring Wounded Souls. Abingdon Press.
• Grimsley, Charles W. and Grimsley, Gaylene (2017). PTSD & Moral Injury: The Journey to Healing Through Forgiveness. Xulon Press.
• Jensen, Wollom A. and Childs, James M. (2016). Moral Warriors, Moral Wounds: The Ministry of the Christian Ethic. Eugene: Cascade Books.
• Kelle, Brad, ed. (2020). Moral Injury: A Guidebook for Understanding and Engagement. London: Lexington Books.
• Kelle, Brad (2020). The Bible and Moral Injury: Reading Scripture Alongside War’s Unseen Wounds. Nashville: Abingdon Press.
• Koenig, Harold; Ames, Donna; and Pearce, Michelle (2019). Religion and Recovery from PTSD. Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• Larson, Duane H. and Zust, Jeff (2017). Care for the Sorrowing Soul: Healing Moral Injuries from Military Service and Implications for the Rest of Us. Eugene: Cascade Books.
• Lee, Lewis Jeffery (2018). Moral Injury Reconciliation: A Practitioner’s Guide for Treating Moral Injury, PTSD, Grief, and Military Sexual Trauma through Spiritual Formation Strategies. London: Jessica Kinglsey Publishers.
• McDonald, Joseph, ed. (2017). Exploring Moral Injury in Sacred Texts (Studies in Religion and Theology). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
• Moon, Zachary (2019). Warriors Between Worlds: Moral Injury and Identities in Crisis. Lanham: Lexington Books.
• Papadopoulos, Renos K. (2020). Moral Injury and Beyond: Understanding Human Anguish and Healing Traumatic Wounds. Abingdon: Routledge.
• Powers, Brian S. (2019). Full Darkness: Original Sin, Moral Injury, and Wartime Violence. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co.
• Ramsay, Nancy J. and Doehring, Carrie (2019). Military Moral Injury and Spiritual Care: A Resource for Religious Leaders and Professional Caregivers. Saint Louis: Chalice Press.
• Seligman, Adam B. and Weller, Robert P. (2012). Rethinking Pluralism: Ritual, Experience, and Ambiguity. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Verkamp, Bernard J. (2006). Moral Treatment of Returning Warriors in Early Medieval and Modern Times. Scranton: University of Scranton Press.
• Wiinikka-Lydon, Joseph (2020). Moral Injury and the Promise of Virtue. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Yocum, Cecilia (2016). Help for Moral Injury: Strategies and Interventions. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Articles

• Townsend, Tim (April 10, 2015). Chaplains on front lines in struggle to heal ‘moral injuries’. Washington Post.

Journal Articles

• Bindu, Menon; Narayan, Sunil K.; and Bhade, Sushruth (2021). COVID-19, Moral Injury and the Bhagvad Gita. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(6), 1-9. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01210-z.
• Kelle, Brad E. (2021). Moral Injury and Biblical Studies: An Early Sampling of Research and Emerging Trends. Currents in Biblical Research, 19(2), 121-144. DOI: 10.1177/1476993X20942383.
• Cockell, Nell (2020). COVID-19 and Grief : A Chaplain’s Reflection on the Experience of Supporting Bereaved Parents and Widows in Lockdown. Health and Social Care Chaplaincy, 8(2), 251-264. DOI: 10.1558/hscc.41757.
• Alexander, David William (2020). Walking Together in Exile: Medical Moral Injury and the Clinical Chaplain. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 74(2), 82-90. DOI: 10.1177/1542305020912263.
• Cenkner, David P.; Yeomans, Peter D.; Antal, Chris J.; and Scott, J. Cobb (2020). A Pilot Study of a Moral Injury Group Intervention Co-Facilitated by a Chaplain and Psychologist. Journal of Traumatic Stress. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22642.
• Brémault-Phillips, Suzette; Pike, Ashley; Scarcella, Francesca; Cherwick, Terry (2019). Spirituality and Moral Injury Among Military Personnel: A Mini-Review. Front Psychiatry, 10, 276. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00276.
• Moon, Zachary (2019). “Turn Now, My Vindication Is at Stake”: Military Moral Injury and Communities of Faith. Pastoral Psychology, 68, 93-105. DOI: 10.1007/s11089-017-0795-8.
• Ramsay, Nancy J. (2019). Moral Injury as Loss and Grief with Attention to Ritual Resources for Care. Pastoral Psychology, 68(1), 107-135. DOI: 10.1007/s11089-018-0854-9.
• Kopacz, Marek S.; Adams, Mary S.; Searle, Robert; Koenig, Harold G.; and Bryan, Craig J. (2018). A Preliminary Study Examining the Prevalence and Perceived Intensity of Morally Injurious Events in a Veterans Affairs Chaplaincy Spiritual Injury Support Group. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 25(2), 76-88. DOI: 10.1080/08854726.2018.1538655.
• Carey, Lindsay B. and Hodgson, Timothy J. (2018). Chaplaincy, Spiritual Care and Moral Injury: Considerations Regarding Screening and Treatment. Front Psychiatry, 9, 619. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00619.
• Drescher, Kent D.; Currier, Joseph M.; Nieuwsma, Jason A.; McCormick, Wesley; Carroll, Timothy D.; Sims, Brook M.; Cauterucio, Christine (2018). A Qualitative Examination of VA Chaplains’ Understandings and Interventions Related to Moral Injury in Military Veterans. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(6), 2444-2460. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-018-0682-3.
• Liebert, Elizabeth A. (2018). Accessible Spiritual Practices to Aid in Recovery from Moral Injury. Pastoral Psychology, 68, 41-57. DOI: 10.1007/s11089-018-0825-1.
• Meador, Keith G.; Nieuwsma, Jason A. (2018) Moral Injury: Contextualized Care. Journal of Medical Humanities, 39(1), 93-99. DOI: 10.1007/s10912-017-9480-2.
• Smith-MacDonald, Lorraine A.; Morin, Jean-Sébastien; Brémault-Phillips, Suzette (2018). Spiritual Dimensions of Moral Injury: Contributions of Mental Health Chaplains in the Canadian Armed Forces. Front Psychiatry, 9, 592. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00592.
• Grimell, Jan (2018). Contemporary Insights from Biblical Combat Veterans through the Lenses of Moral Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 72(4), 241-250. DOI: 10.1177/1542305018790218.
• Pyne, Jeffrey M.; Rabalais, Aline; Sullivan, Steve (2018). Mental Health Clinician and Community Clergy Collaboration to Address Moral Injury in Veterans and the Role of the Veterans Affairs Chaplain. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 25(1), 1-19. DOI: 10.1080/08854726.2018.1474997.
• Keefe-Perry, L. Callid and Moon, Zachary (2018). Courage in Chaos: The Importance of Trauma-Informed Adult Religious Education. Religious Education, 114, 1-12. DOI: 10.1080/00344087.2018.1435989.
• Litz, Brett, and Carney, Jessica R. (2018). Employing loving-kindness meditation to promote self- and other-compassion among war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 5(3), 201–211. DOI: 10.1037/scp0000174.
• Harris, J. Irene; Usset, Timothy; Voecks, Cory; Thuras, Paul; Currier, Joseph; and Erbes, Christopher (2018). Spiritually integrated care for PTSD: A randomized controlled trial of “Building Spiritual Strength”. Psychiatry Research, 267, 420–428. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.045.
• Hodgson, Timothy J. and Carey, Lindsay B. (2017). Moral Injury and Definitional Clarity: Betrayal, Spirituality and the Role of Chaplains. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(4), 1212-1228. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-017-0407-z.
• Kopacz, Marek S.; Ducharme, Courtney; Ani, David; Atlig, Ahmet (2017). Towards a faith-based understanding of moral injury. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling; 71(4), 217-219. DOI: 10.1177/1542305017743249.
• Carey, Lindsay B.; Hodgson, Timothy J.; Krikheli, Lillian; Soh, Rachel Y.; Armour, Annie Rose; Singh, Taranjeet K.; Impiombato, Cassandra G. (2016). Moral Injury, Spiritual Care and the Role of Chaplains: An Exploratory Scoping Review of Literature and Resources. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(4), 1218-45. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-016-0231-x.
• Stallinga, Beth A. (2013). What Spills Blood Wounds Spirit: Chaplains, Spiritual Care, and Operational Stress Injury. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 33, 13-31.
• Anonymous, Military Chaplain (2013). Costly Empathy. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 33, 32-36.
• Lettini, Gabriella (2013). Engaging the Moral Injuries of War: A Call to Spiritual Leaders. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 33, 37-47.
• Rorro, Mary C. (2013). A Korean War Veteran’s Dream. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 33, 47-49.
• Drescher, Kent D.; Nieuwsma, Jason A.; and Swales, Pamela J. (2013). Morality and Moral Injury: Insights from Theology and Health Science. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 33, 50-61.
• Browne, Mary Q. (2013). Developing Shame Resilience through Pastoral Supervision. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 33, 62-65.
• Graham, Larry Kent (2013). Revisiting Family Narratives of War through Courageous Collaborative Pastoral Conversations. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 33, 66-75.
• Knowles, Caroline (2013). Notes toward a Neuropsychology of Moral Injury. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 33, 76-78.
• Hufford, David J.; Fritts, Matthew J.; and Rhodes, Jeffrey E. (2010). Spiritual Fitness. Military Medicine, 175(8), 73-87. DOI: 10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00075.
• Drescher, Kent D. and Foy, David W. (2008). When they Come Home: Posttraumatic Stress, Moral Injury, and Spiritual Consequences for Veterans. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 28.
• Alcorta, Candace S. and Sosis, Richard (2005). Ritual, emotion, and sacred symbols. Human Nature, 16(4), 323-359. DOI: 10.1007/s12110-005-1014-3.

Videos

• Some fear covid-19’s emotional trauma will have lasting effects for health-care workers, Washington Post (05.24.20).

Links

• VOA | ReST (Resilience Strength Time) – online, peer-facilitated support program for caregivers
• Moral Injury in Health Care Workers – VA National Center for PTSD
• Helpful Thinking During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak – VA National Center for PTSD
• Tips for Providing Support to Others During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak – VA National Center for PTSD
• Resources for Chaplains During COVID – Chaplaincy Innovation Lab
• Physician Burnout & Moral Injury: The Hidden Health Care Crisis – Infographic by The National Institute for Health Care Management (NIHCM) Foundation

Webinars

• Moral Resilience for Medical Workers During COVID-10 (accompanying information handout)
• Moral Resilience for Nurses During COVID-19
• Moral Resilience in Pastoral Care Workers During COVID-19
• Moral Resilience for Spiritual Leaders During COVID-19
• Moral Resilience for Social Care Workers During COVID-19
• Moral Resilience for Criminal Justice Workers During COVID-19

Books

• Wyatt, Evans R.; Walser, Robyn D.; Drescher, Kent D; and Farnsworth, Jacob K. (2020). The Moral Injury Workbook: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Skills for Moving Beyond Shame, Anger, and Trauma to Reclaim Your Values. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications.

Articles

• Ross, India (Mar. 24, 2021). ‘I just feel broken’: doctors, mental health and the pandemic. Financial Times.
• Iskowitz, Marc (Feb. 23, 2021). ‘Don’t clap. Just don’t make me treat you.’ McCann study reveals comparative shift in doctors’ emotional state. Medical Marketing and Media.
• Jacobs, Andrew (Feb. 4, 2021). A Parallel Pandemic Hits Health Care Workers: Trauma and Exhaustion. The New York Times.
• Karlamangla, Soumya (Feb. 3, 2021). ‘I was just bawling in my PPE’: Surge fades, but anguish remains for healthcare workers. Los Angeles Times.
• Lesley, Marsha (2021). Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Moral Injury in Nurses on the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 27(1), 72–76. DOI: 10.1177/1078390320960535.
• National Nurses United (Dec. 8, 2020). Nurses caring for Covid-19 patients are at high risk for moral injury due to betrayal by health care employers and public health and safety agencies. Press Release (link to white paper).
• Jeffrey, James (Jun. 23, 2020). Beyond the Battlefield: Moral Injuries and the Pandemic. The Humanist.

Journal Articles

• Vittone, Sarah and Sotomayor, Claudia R. (2021). Moral Distress Entangled: Patients and Providers in the COVID-19 Era. HEC Forum. DOI: 10.1007/s10730-021-09450-y.
• Akram, Faisal (2021). Moral Injury and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Philosophical Viewpoint. Ethics, Medicine and Public Health, pre proof March 24, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100661.
• Rushton, Cynda Hylton; Turner, Kathleen; Brock, Rita Nakashima; Braxton, Joanne M. (2021). Invisible Moral Wounds of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are We Experiencing Moral Injury? AACN Advanced Critical Care, 32 (1), 119-125. DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2021686.
• Mollica, Richard F.; Fernando, Denali B.; and Augusterfer, Eugene F. (2021). Beyond Burnout: Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic Challenges to Self-care. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23 (2). DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01230-2.
• Resnick, Kimberly S. and Fins, Joseph J. (2021). Professionalism and Resilience After COVID-19. Academic Psychiatry. DOI:10.1007/s40596-021-01416-z.
• Patterson, Jo E.; Edwards, Todd M.; Griffith, James L.; and Wright, Sarah (2021). Moral distress of medical family therapists and their physician colleagues during the transition to COVID-19. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, advance online publication. DOI: 10.1111/jmft.12504.
• Greiner, Rachel M.B. (2021). The Cost of Safety During a Pandemic. HEC Forum, published online March 6, 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s10730-020-09438-0.
• Hennein, Rachel; Mew, Emma J.; and Lowe, Sarah R. (2021). Socio-ecological predictors of mental health outcomes among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. PLOS ONE, 16(2). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246602.
• Bindu, Menon; Narayan, Sunil K.; and Bhade, Sushruth (2021). COVID-19, Moral Injury and the Bhagvad Gita. Journal of Religion and Health, online ahead of print. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-021-01210-z
• Franklin, Paula and Gkiouleka, Anna (2021). A Scoping Review of Psychosocial Risks to Health Workers During the Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2453. DOO: 10.3390/ ijerph18052453.
• Gaitens, Joanna; Condon, Marian; Fernandes, Eseosa; and McDiarmid, Melissa (2021). COVID-19 and Essential Workers: A Narrative Review of Health Outcomes and Moral Injury. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1446. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041446.
• Hines, Stella E.; Chin, Katherine H.; Glick, Danielle R.; and Wickwire, Emerson M. (2021). Trends in Moral Injury, Distress, and Resilience Factors among Healthcare Workers at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 488. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020488.
• Cairns, Kimberley (2021). Mental health and moral injury among nurses: practical self-compassionate care to alleviate the psychological impact of COVID-19. Journal of Aesthetic Nursing 10(1), 24-27. DOI: 10.12968/joan.2021.10.1.24.
• Mantri, Sneha; Lawson, Jennifer M.; Wang, ZhiZhong; and Koenig, Harold G. (2020). Identifying Moral Injury in Healthcare Professionals: The Moral Injury Symptom Scale-HP. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2323-2340. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-020-01065-w.
• Maguen, Shira; Price, Matt A. (2020). Moral injury in the wake of coronavirus: Attending to the psychological impact of the pandemic. Psychological Trauma, 12(S1), 131-132. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000780.
• Greene, Talya; Bloomfield, Michael A.P.; Billings, Jo (2020). Psychological trauma and moral injury in religious leaders during COVID-19. Psychological Trauma, 12(S1), 143-145. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000641.
• Haller, Moira; Norman, Sonya B.; Davis, Brittany, C.; Capone, Christy; Browne, Kendall; Allard, Carolyn B. (2020) A model for treating COVID-19-related guilt, shame, and moral injury. Psychological Trauma, 12(S1), 174-176. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000742.
• Borges, Lauren M.; Barnes, Sean M.; Farnsworth, Jacob K.; Drescher, Kent D.; Walser, Robyn D. (2020). A contextual behavioral approach for responding to moral dilemmas in the age of COVID-19. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 95-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.06.006.
• Cockell, Nell (2020). COVID-19 and Grief : A Chaplain’s Reflection on the Experience of Supporting Bereaved Parents and Widows in Lockdown. Health and Social Care Chaplaincy, 8(2), 251-264. DOI: 10.1558/hscc.41757.
• Morley, Georgina; Denise Sese, Denise; Rajendram, Prabalini; and Horsburgh, Cristie C. (2020). Addressing Caregiver Moral Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 9. DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.87a.ccc047.
• Borges, Laruen M.; Barnes, Sean M.; Farnsworth, Jacob K.; Bahraini, Nazanin H.; and Brenner, Lisa A. (2020). A Commentary on Moral Injury Among Health Care Providers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S138–S140. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000698.
• Williamson, Victoria; Murphy, Dominic; and Greenberg, Neil (2020). COVID-19 and experiences of moral injury in front-line key workers. Occupational Medicine, 70(5), 317-319. DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa052.
• Dean, Wendy; Jacobs, Breanne; and Manfredi, Rita A. (2020). Moral Injury: The Invisible Epidemic in COVID Health Care Workers. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 76(4), 385–386. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.05.023.
• Williams, Roger D.; Brundage, Jessica A.; and Williams, Erin B. (2020). Moral Injury in Times of COVID-19. Journal of Health Service Psychology, 1-5. Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1007/s42843-020-00011-4.
• Walton, Matthew; Murray, Esther; and Christian, Michael D. (2020). Mental health care for medical and affiliated healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Health Journal. Acute Cardiovascular Care, 9(3), 241-247. DOI: 10.1177/2048872620922795.

Links

• Moral Distress in Nursing – American Association of Critical-Care Nurses
• Moral Injury in Health Care Workers – VA National Center for PTSD
• Moral Injury of Healthcare
• Physician Burnout & Moral Injury: The Hidden Health Care Crisis – Infographic by The National Institute for Health Care Management (NIHCM) Foundation

Books

• Currier, Joseph M.; Drescher, Kent D.; and Nieuwsma, Jason (Eds.) (2020). Addressing Moral Injury in Clinical Practice. Washington: American Psychological Association.
• Evans, Wyatt R.; Walser, Robyn D.; and Drescher, Kent D. (2020). The Moral Injury Workbook: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Skills for Moving Beyond Shame, Anger, and Trauma to Reclaim Your Values. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications.
• Frezza, Eldo E. The Moral Distress Syndrome Affecting Physicians: How Current Healthcare is Putting Doctors and Patients at Risk. New York: Productivity Press.
• Papadopoulos, Renos K. (Ed.) (2020). Moral Injury and Beyond: Understanding Human Anguish and Healing Traumatic Wounds. Milton Park: Routledge.
• Rushton, Cynda Hylton (2018). Moral Resilience: Transforming Moral Suffering in Healthcare. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Ulrich, Connie M. and Grady, Christine (Eds.) (2018). Moral Distress in the Health Professions. Springer.

Articles

• Talbot, Simon G. and Dean, Wendy (Jul. 26, 2018). Physicians aren’t ‘burning out.’ They’re suffering from moral injury. STAT.

Journal Articles

• Rushton, Cynda Hylton; Turner, Kathleen; Brock, Rita Nakashima; Braxton, Joanne M. (2021). Invisible Moral Wounds of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are We Experiencing Moral Injury? AACN Advanced Critical Care, 32(1), 119-125. DOI: 10.4037/aacnacc2021686.
• Guzys, Diana (2021). Moral distress: a theorized model of influences to facilitate mitigation and resilience. Nursing & Health Sciences, Advance online publication. DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12827.
• Mantri, Sneha; Lawson, Jennifer Mah; Wang, ZhiZhong; and Koenig, Harold G. (2021). Prevalence and Predictors of Moral Injury Symptoms in Health Care Professionals. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 209(3), 174-180. DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001277.
• Hildesheim, Hanna; Rogge, Annette; Borzikowsky, Christoph; Witt, Victoria Dorothea; Schäffer, Eva; and Berg, Daniela (2021). Moral distress among residents in neurology: a pilot study. Neurological Research and Practice, 3(1), 6. DOI: 10.1186/s42466-021-00104-5.
• Alexander, David William (2020). Walking Together in Exile: Medical Moral Injury and the Clinical Chaplain. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 74(2), 82-90. DOI: 10.1177/1542305020912263.
• Mantri, Sneha; Lawson, Jennifer M.; Wang, ZhiZhong; Koenig, Harold G. (2020). Identifying Moral Injury in Healthcare Professionals: The Moral Injury Symptom Scale-HP. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2323-2340. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-020-01065-w.
• Dean, Wendy; Talbot, Simon; and Dean, Austin (2019). Reframing Clinician Distress: Moral Injury Not Burnout. Federal Practitioner, 36(9), 400–402.
• Epstein, Elizabeth G.; Whitehead, Phyllis B.; Prompahakul, Chuleeporn; Thacker, Leroy R.; and Hamric, Ann B. (2019). Enhancing Understanding of Moral Distress: The Measure of Moral Distress for Health Care Professionals. AJOB Empirical Bioethics, 10(2), 113-124. DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2019.1586008.
• Meador, Keith G. and Nieuwsma, Jason A. (2018). Moral Injury: Contextualized Care. Journal of Medical Humanities, 39(1), 93-99. DOI: 10.1007/s10912-017-9480-2.
• Murray, Esther; Krahé, Charlotte; and Goodsman, Danë (2018). Are medical students in prehospital care at risk of moral injury? Emergency Medicine Journal, 35(10), 590-594. DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2017-207216.
• Carse, Alisa (2013). Moral Distress and Moral Disempowerment. Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics, 3, 147-151. DOI: 10.1353/nib.2013.0028.
• Epstein, Elizabeth G. and Delgado, Sarah (2010). Understanding and addressing moral distress. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 15. DOI: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol15No03Man01.
• Corley, Mary C. (2002). Nurse Moral Distress: a proposed theory and research agenda. Nursing Ethics, 9(6), 636-650. DOI: 10.1191/0969733002ne557oa.

Webinars

• Moral Resilience for Social Care Workers During COVID-19

Links:

• Moral Injury and Healing in Child Welfare online training course by the University of Minnesota 
• Gamble-Skogmo Chair Program in Child Welfare and Youth Policy

Books

• Herman, Judith (1997). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence – From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. New York: Basic Books.
• Koch, Tom (2017). Ethics in Everyday Places: Mapping Moral Stress, Distress, and Injury. Redlands: MIT Press.
• Lynd, Alice and Lynd, Staughton (2017). Moral Injury and Nonviolent Resistance: Breaking the Cycle of Violence in the Military and Behind Bars. Oakland: PM Press.
• Reamer, Frederic G. (2020). Moral Distress and Injury in Human Services: Cases, Causes, and Strategies for Prevention. Washington: NASW Press.

Articles

• Reamer, Frederic G. (December 2021). Eye on Ethics: Moral Repair and Apology. Social Work Today.
• Cantù, Derek (Feb. 17, 2021). Sentencing Reform Advocates Urge State to Prioritize Incarceration Alternatives. nprillinois.org.
• Brock, Rita Nakashima and Moon, Zachary (August 6, 2020). Activism is a Moral Injury Gone Viral. Medium.
• Maclean, Siobhan (May 13, 2020). Connecting Reflection and Resilience to Prevent ‘Moral Injury’ for Social Workers During the Covid19 Pandemic. Kirwin Maclean Associates.
• Janssen, Scott (April 6, 2020). Moral Injury in Health Care and COVID-19. Social Work Today.

Journal Articles

• Morris, Rae et al. (2022). “I Have Failed Them and Failed My Duties”: Experiences of Hospital Social Workers Discharging Patients into Homelessness. Health & Social Work, 48(1), 45-51. DOI: 10.1093/hsw/hlab039.
• Reamer, Frederic G. (2021). Moral Injury in Social Work: Responses, Prevention, and Advocacy. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services. DOI: 10.1177/10443894211051020.
• Stahlschmidt, Mary Jo; He, Amy S.; Lizano, Erica L. (2021). A Dynamic Theory of Moral Distress in Child Welfare Workers. The British Journal of Social Work. DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bcab247.
• Eichstaedt, Johannes C. et al. (2021). The emotional and mental health impact of the murder of George Floyd on the US population. PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Untied States of America, 118(39)). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109139118.
• Weintrobe, Sally (2020). Moral injury, the culture of uncare and the climate bubble. Journal of Social Work Practice, 34(4), 351-362. DOI: 10.1080/02650533.2020.1844167.
• Nicholas, Patrice K.; Breakey, Suellen; White, Bradley P.; Brown, Margaret J.; Fanuele, Jenny; Starodub, Roksolana; and Ros, Ana Viamonte (2020). Mental Health Impacts of Climate Change: Perspectives for the ED Clinician. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 46(5), 590-599. DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2020.05.014.
• Hoffman, Joel; Liddell, Belinda; Bryant, Richard; and Nickerson, Angela (2018). The relationship between moral injury appraisals, trauma exposure, and mental health in refugees. Depression and Anxiety, 35, 1-10. DOI: 10.1002/da.22787.
• Haight, Wendy; Sugrue, Erin; Calhoun, Molly; and Black, James (2017). “Basically, I look at it like combat”: Reflections on moral injury by parents involved with child protection services. Children and Youth Services Review, 82, 477-489. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.10.009.
• Haight, Wendy; Sugrue, Erin; Calhoun, Molly; and Black, James (2017). Everyday coping with moral injury: The perspectives of professionals and parents involved with child protection services. Children and Youth Services Review, 82, 108-121. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.09.025.
• Haight, Wendy; Sugrue, Erin; Calhoun, Molly; and Black, James (2017). Moral injury among Child Protection Professionals: Implications for the ethical treatment and retention of workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 82, 27-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.030.
• Fenton, Jane and Kelly, Timothy B. (2017). ‘Risk is King and Needs to take a Backseat!’ Can social workers’ experiences of moral injury strengthen practice? Journal of Social Work Practice, 31(4), 461-475. DOI: 10.1080/02650533.2017.1394827.
• Trombley, Janna; Chalupka, Stephanie; and Anderko, Laura (2017). Climate Change and Mental Health. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 117(4), 44-52. DOI: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000515232.51795.fa.
• Haight, Wendy; Sugrue, Erin; Calhoun, Molly; and Black, James (2016). A scoping study of moral injury: Identifying directions for social work research. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 190-200. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.026.
• Blinka, Dee and Harris, Helen (2016). Moral Injury in Warriors and Veterans: The Challenge to Social Work. Journal of Social Work & Christianity, 43(3), 7-27.
• Kopacz, Marek S.; Simons, Kelsey V.; and Chitaphong, Khamkay (2015). Moral Injury: An Emerging Clinical Construct with Implications for Social Work Education. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 34(3), 252-264. DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2015.1045681.
• Dombo, Eileen A.; Gray, Cathleen; and Early, Barbara P. (2013). The Trauma of Moral Injury: Beyond the Battlefield. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 32(3), 197-210. DOI: 10.1080/15426432.2013.801732.
• Siebert, Darcy Clay (2006). Personal and Occupational Factors in Burnout Among Practicing Social Workers. Journal of Social Service Research, 32(2), 25-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J079v32n02_02.

Webinars

• Monthly webinar series on military moral injury by Soul Repair Center, Brite Divinity School, co-sponsored by the Shay Center of VOA.
• The Implications of the Pandemic for Moral Injury in Veterans (November 2020)
• Moral Injury among Medical and Spiritual Caregivers in Civilian, Military, and VA Hospitals (December 2020) and Powerpoint handout
• Dementia Care for Aging Veterans affected by Moral Injury (January 2021)
• Women, Military Sexual Trauma, and Moral Injury: Stand Up Speak Up (February 2021)

Videos

• The Shay Moral Injury Center, Dr. Jonathan Shay, VOA (01.04.19)
• Jonathan Shay Extended Interview, PBS (05.28.2010)
• Understanding Moral Injury: What Can We Do? VOA (06.26.19)
• Resilience Strength Training | Moral Injury Veterans Program, VOA (11.11.19)
• VOA CEO Speaks to the Personal Side of Moral Injury, Mike King, LPB (09.06.17)

Films

• Almost Sunrise – documentary about moral injury in veterans
• Veterans Journey Home – documentary series

Links

• Center for Post Traumatic Growth
• Moral Injury by VA National Center for PTSD
• Moral Injury Support Network for Servicewomen, Inc.
• Road Home Program at The National Center of Excellence for Veterans and Their Families at Rush
• Soul Repair Center at Brite Divinity School

Books

• Brock, Rita Nakashima and Lettini, Gabriella (2012). Soul Repair: Recovering from Moral Injury After War. Boston: Beacon Press.
• Boudeau, Tyler E. (2008). Packing Inferno: The Unmaking of a Marine. Feral House.
• Holm, Tom (1996). Strong Hearts, Wounded Souls: Native American Veterans of the Vietnam War. Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Keenan, Melinda J.; Williams Laura; and Echevarria, Carlos (2020). Understanding & Healing Moral Injury in People of Service: Veterans, First Responders & Medical Personnel. Independently published.
• Klay, Phil (2014). Redeployment. New York: Penguin Books.
• Lifton, Robert Jay (1973). Home From the War: Learning from Vietnam Veterans. New York: Other Press.
• Litz, Brett T.; Lebowitz, Leslie; Gray, Matt J.; and Nash, William P. (2015). Adaptive Disclosure: A New Treatment for Military Trauma, Loss, and Moral Injury. New York: Guilford.
• Marlantes, Karl (2011). What It Is Like to Go to War. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
• Meagher, Robert Emmet (2014). Killing From The Inside Out: Moral Injury And Just War. Eugene: Cascade Books.
• Meagher, Robert E.; Pryer, Douglas A.; Nash, William P.; and Acampora, Christa Davis (Eds.) (2018). War and Moral Injury: A Reader. Eugene: Cascade Books.
• Moon, Zachary (2019). Warriors Between Worlds: Moral Injury and Identities in Crisis. Lanham: Lexington Books.
• Moral Injury Support Network for Servicewomen Inc. (2021). Select Proceedings from the 2020 Women Veterans Military Moral Injury Conferences. Independently published.
• O’Brien, Tim (1998). The Things They Carried: A Work of Fiction. New York: Broadway Books.
• Shay, Jonathan (1995). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and The Undoing of Character. New York: Simon and Schuster.
• Shay, Jonathan (2002). Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and The Trials of Homecoming. New York: Scribner.
• Sherman, Nancy (2015). Afterwar: Healing the Moral Wounds of Our Soldiers. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Sherman, Nancy (2011). The Untold War: Inside the Hearts, Minds, and Souls of Our Soldiers. New York. W W. Norton & Company.
• Sites, Kevin (2013). The Things They Cannot Say: Stories Soldiers Won’t Tell You About What They’ve Seen, Done, or Failed to Do in War. New York: Harper Perennial.
• Verkamp, Bernard J. (2006). Moral Treatment of Returning Warriors in Early Medieval and Modern Times. Scranton: University of Scranton Press.
• Wood, David (2016). What Have We Done? The Moral Injury of Our Longest Wars. New York: Little, Brown, & Co.

Articles

• Nash, Bill (May 6, 2020). Because We Care – Risk for Moral Injury During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Center for Deployment Psychology.
• Harwood-Gross, Anna (Mar. 24, 2020). Treating “Moral” Injuries. Scientific American.
• Brock, Rita Nakashima (Sept. 2019). The Battle Inside. Military Officer.
• Kuz, Martin (Nov. 7, 2019).For US veterans, what does it mean to heal a moral injury? The Christian Science Monitor.
• Brock, Rita Nakashima (Apr. 6, 2018). The Link Between Moral Injury & Veteran Suicides. The Washington.
• Puniewska, Maggie (July 3, 2015). Healing a Wounded Sense of Morality. The Atlantic.
• Wood, David (Mar. 2014). A Warrior’s Moral Dilemma (3 part series). Huffington Post.
• Guntzel, Jeff Severns (Mar. 14, 2013). Beyond PTSD to “Moral Injury”. On Being.
• Dokoupil, Tony (Dec. 3, 2012).A New Theory of PTSD and Veterans: Moral Injury. Newsweek.

Journal Articles

• Barth, Timothy M.; Lord, Charles G.; Thakkar, Vishal J.; and Brock, Rita N. (2020). Effects of Resilience Strength Training on Constructs Associated with Moral Injury among Veterans. Journal of Veterans Studies, 6(2), 101-113. DOI: 10.21061/jvs.v6i2.199.
• Nillni, Yael I.; Shayani, Danielle R.; Finley, Erin; Copeland, Laurel A.; Perkins, Daniel F.; Vogt, Dawne S. (2020). The Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Moral Injury on Women Veterans’ Perinatal Outcomes Following Separation From Military Service. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(3), 248-256. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22509.
• Currier, Joseph M.; Foster, Joshua D.; Isaak, Steven L. (2019). Moral Injury and Spiritual Struggles in Military Veterans: A Latent Profile Analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 393-404. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22378.
• Koenig, Harold G.; Youssef, Nagy A.; Pearce, Michelle (2019). Assessment of Moral Injury in Veterans and Active Duty Military Personnel With PTSD: A Review. Front Psychiatry, 10,443. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00443.
• Yeterian, Julie D.; Berke, Danielle S.; Carney, Jessica R.; McIntyre-Smith, Alexandra, St Cyr, Katherine; King, Lisa; Kline, Nora K.; Phelps, Andrea; Litz, Brett T.; and Members of the Moral Injury Outcomes Project Consortium (2019). Defining and Measuring Moral Injury: Rationale, Design, and Preliminary Findings From the Moral Injury Outcome Scale Consortium. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 32(3), 363–372. DOI: 10.1002/jts.22380.
• Enemark, Christian (2019). Drones, risk, and moral injury. Critical Military Studies, 5(2), 150-167. DOI: 10.1080/23337486.2017.1384979.
• Kelley, Michelle L.; Bravo, Adrian J.; Davies, Rachel L.; Hamrick, Hannah C.; Vinci, Christine; and REdman, Jason C. (2019). Moral Injury and Suicidality Among Combat-Wounded Veterans: The Moderating Effects of Social Connectedness and Self-Compassion. Psychological Trauma : Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 11(6), 621-629. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000447.
• Koenig, Harold G.; Ames, Donna; Youssef, Nagy A.; Oliver, John P.; Volk, Fred.; Teng, Ellen J.; Haynes, Kerry; Erickson, Zachary D.; Arnold, Irina; O’Garo, Keisha; Pearce, Michelle (2018). The Moral Injury Symptom Scale-Military Version. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(1), 249-265. DOI: 10.1007/s10943-017-0531-9.
• Koenig, Harold G. (2018). Measuring Symptoms of Moral Injury in Veterans and Active Duty Military with PTSD. Religions, 9(3), 86-100. DOI: 10.3390/rel9030086.
• Vermetten, Eric and Jetly, Rakesh (2018). A Critical Outlook on Combat-Related PTSD: Review and Case Reports of Guilt and Shame as Drivers for Moral Injury. Military Behavioral Health, 6(2), 156-164. DOI: 10.1080/21635781.2018.1459973.
• Purcell, Natalie; Burkman, Kristine; Keyser, Jessica; Fucella, Phillip; and Maguen, Shira (2018). Healing from Moral Injury: A Qualitative Evaluation of the Impact of Killing Treatment for Combat Veterans. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 27(6), 645-673. DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2018.1463582.
• Frankfurt, Sheila and Frazier, Patricia (2017). A Review of Research on Moral Injury in Combat Veterans. Military Psychology, 28 (5), 318-330. DOI: 10.1037/mil0000132.
• Koenig, Harold G.; Boucher, Nathan A.; Oliver, John P.; Youssef, Nagy; Mooney, Scott R.; Currier, Joseph M.; Pearce, Michelle (2017). Rationale for Spiritually Oriented Cognitive Processing Therapy for Moral Injury in Active Duty Military and Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 205(2), 147-153. DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000554.
• Yan, Grace W (2016). The Invisible Wound: Moral Injury and Its Impact on the Health of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans. Military Medicine, 181(5), 451-8. DOI: 10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00103.
• Currier, Joseph M.; Drescher, Kent D.; Holland, Jason M.; Lisman, Ross; and Foy, David W. (2016). Spirituality, Forgiveness, and Quality of Life: Testing a Mediational Model with Military Veterans with PTSD. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 26(2), 167-179. DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2015.1019793.
• Currier, Joseph M.; Holland, Jason M.; Drescher, Kent; and Foy, David (2015). Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Moral Injury Questionnaire – Military Version. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 22, 54-63. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1866.
• Bryan, Craig; Bryan, AnnaBelle; Anestis, Michael; Anestis, Joye; Green, Bradley, Etienne, Neysa; Morrow, Chad; and Ray-Sannerud, Bobbie (2015). Measuring Moral Injury: Psychometric Properties of the Moral Injury Events Scale in Two Military Samples. Assessment, 23(5), 557-570. DOI: 10.1177/1073191115590855.
• Farnsworth, Jacob K.; Drescher, Kent D.; Nieuwsma, Jason A.; Walswe, Robyn B.; and Currier, Joseph M. (2014). The Role of Moral Emotions in Military Trauma: Implications for the Study and Treatment of Moral Injury. Review of General Psychology, 18(4), 249-262. DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000018.
• Bryan, AnnaBelle; Bryan, Craig; Morrow, Chad; Etienne, Neysa; Ray-Sannerud, Bobbie (2014). Moral Injury, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicide Attempts in a Military Sample. Traumatology, 20(3), 154-160. DOI: 10.1037/h0099852.
• Gray, Matt J.; Schorr, Yonit; Nash, William; Lebowitz, Leslie; Amidon, Amy; Maglione, Melissa; Lang, Ariel J.; and Litz, Brett T. (2012). Adaptive Disclosure: An Open Trial of a Novel Exposure-Based Intervention for Service Members With Combat-Related Psychological Stress Injuries. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 407-415. DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.09.001.
• Worthington, Everett L. and Langberg, Diane (2012). Religious Considerations and Self-Forgiveness in Treating Complex Trauma and Moral Injury in Present and Former Soldiers. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 40(4), 274-288. DOI: 10.1177/009164711204000403.
• Carr, Russell (2011). Combat and human existence: Toward an intersubjective approach to combat-related PTSD. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 28, 471-496. DOI: 10.1037/a0024174.
• Harris, Jeanette; Erbes, Christopher; Engdahl, Brian; Thuras, Paul; Murray-Swank, MIchole; Grace, Dixie; Ogden, Henry; Olson, Raymond; Winskowski, Ann; Bacon, Russ; Malec, Catherine; Campion, Kelsey; and Le, TuVan (2011). Effectiveness of a trauma focused spiritually integrated intervention for veterans exposed to trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 425-438. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20777.
• Shay, Jonathan (2011). Casualties. Daedalus, 140(3), 179-188. DOI: 10.1162/DAED_a_00107.
• Drescher, Kent D.; Foy, David W.; Kelly, Caroline; Leshner, Anna; Schutz, Kerrie; and Ltiz, Brett (2011). An Exploration of the Viability and Usefulness of the Construct of Moral Injury in War Veterans. Traumatology, 17(1), 8-13. DOI: 10.1177/1534765610395615.
• Boudreau, Tyler (2011). The Morally Injured. The Massachusetts Review, 52(3/4), 746-754. ISSN: 0025-4878.
• Drescher, Kent D. and Foy, David W. (2008). When they Come Home: Posttraumatic Stress, Moral Injury, and Spiritual Consequences for Veterans. Reflective Practice: Formation and Supervision in Ministry, 28.
• Boulanger, Ghislaine (2008). Witnesses to Reality: Working Psychodynamically With Survivors of Terror. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 18(5), 638-657. DOI: 10.1080/10481880802297673.